Tamaño credencial

Formato ID-1, estándar ISO/IEC 7810:2019:

85.60 mm
53.98 mm
00.76 mm

Tarjeta de crédito, credencial del INE, tarjetas SIM.

Business is business

Grim Prayers. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2026.

1. If you have nothing, first get a skill. A high-income skill. In prison these are: medical skills, cutting hair, fixing clothes, or technology. In real life this is a skill that pays 100 Dollars per hour and more. Take six months to learn minimum two hours every fucking day.
2. No matter how much money you make, stay humble, save your money. Save 55% of what you make.
3. Multiply. You will never get rich if you trade time for money. You get rich when you multiply your time WITH money.
4. Invest into compounding assets with leverage. Compounding assets are things that become more valuable over time. Leverage means you use the money you have now to easily get more money in the future. Honor makes you more money in the long run than dishonor. Every century a major monetary system gets reset. That means only those people with hard assets like real estate will have something left. Everyone else’s money, stocks, bonds will be devalued, they will be stolen. Look at history. And look into the future.

Judicial review

The judicial review process allows an affected party to challenge the decision made by the regulatory or administrative body by seeking a review of the decision by a higher authority, typically a court of law.

Three main grounds of judicial review:

1. Illegality. The regulatory or administrative body has acted outside its legal authority when imposing the sanctions (e.g. discretionality).
2. Unfairness. The regulatory or administrative body has not followed a reasonable process. It might be because a decision-maker was biased or the institution was not given the chance to make representations.
3. Irrationality. This applies when the decision to impose the sanctions is so unreasonable that no reasonable regulatory or administrative body could have made the decision in question. This may include a decision that is arbitrary, capricious, or based on irrelevant considerations.

Pros and cons of publishing sanctions

Publicizing the administrative sanctions for AML/CFT violations.

Pros:

• Deterrent to other financial institutions. 
• Foster culture of responsibility among financial institutions.
• Motivate financial institutions to prioritize mitigating ML/FT/PF. 
• Promote transparency in the financial system. 
• Build trust in the supervisory authority and financial institutions.

Cons:

• Public action may not be appropriate, proportionate, or achieve the intended outcome.
• Impact reputation of the financial institution.
• Impact institution's ability to attract and retain customers, investors, and employees. 
• Increase the risk of legal action against the financial institution. 
• Disclosure of sensitive information related to the financial institution's operations.
• Revelation of  confidential or very sensitive information 
• Potentially systemic impact on the whole sector.

types of sanctions

1. Reprimand Letter. Warning the institution to discontinue minor AML/CFT violations.
2. Corrective Action Order or Instruction. To take specific actions to address AML/CFT violations, such as implementing new policies and procedures or improving internal controls.
3. Cease and Desist Order. To stop engaging in activities that violate AML/CFT regulations. These may be accompanied by fines (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly) for non-compliance with the order.
4. Monetary Fine. Calculated based on severity and frequency of the non-compliant behavior, and proportionate to the financial institution's size and financial resources.
5. Appointing a Caretaker. A team to manage and oversee the AML/CFT operations when there are serious concerns about the institution's AML/CFT compliance.
6. Operational Limitations or Prohibitions. To limit from engaging in specific activities related to AML/CFT, such as opening new accounts or conducting certain types of transactions.
7. Suspension or Revocation of License. In cases of criminal involvement, prevents the financial institution from operating in the financial system until they address the issues and meet the necessary regulatory requirements. Las resort.

Ne Bis in Idem Principle

Any action that violates administrative law will be sanctioned by an administrative regime and any action violating criminal law will be sanctioned under criminal law. Nevertheless, some actions can be in breach of both administrative and criminal laws; and therefore, could be punished twice. This will depend on if and how the principle of ne bis in idem is applied in that country.

Effective, dissuasive, and proportionate

FATF Recommendation 35 requires that supervisory sanctions for breaches of AML/CFT requirements by institutions be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

• Effectiveness. Sanctions should have a real impact on the financial institution and its behavior, to serve as a deterrent and send a message to other financial institutions. 
• Dissuasiveness. Sanctions should discourage the financial institution from engaging in noncompliant behavior. The cost of noncompliance should outweigh any potential benefit (fines or public disclosure of noncompliant behavior).
• Proportionality. Sanctions should be commensurate with the offense, and should be appropriate to the severity and frequency of the noncompliant behavior. Not too severe, not too lenient. Sanctions must be fair and transparent.

Principles for corporate governance

Corporate governance. A set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders which provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance. It helps define the way authority and responsibility are allocated and how corporate decisions are made.

Some components:

1. Board and Senior Management Oversight. Provide oversight and leadership on AML/CFT issues. This includes setting policies and procedures, providing adequate resources, ensuring that ML/TF/PF risks are effectively managed, and promoting a well-grounded culture of compliance.
2. Risk Management. Risk-based approach to AML/CFT appropriate for their size, complexity, and risk profile. This includes setting an ML/TF/PF risk appetite and risk tolerance, conducting ML/FT risk assessments and monitoring for ML/TF/PF risks, and implementing appropriate risk mitigation measures.
3. Policies and Procedures. Tailored to specific risks and business activities: customer due diligence (CDD), ongoing monitoring, reporting suspicious activity, record keeping, and training employees.
4. Internal Controls. Trained employees on AML/CFT issues and aware of reporting and escalation lines, and adequate separation of powers and functions, and regular review of risks.
5. Compliance. Continuous monitoring of the effectiveness of the AML/CFT program.
6. Audit. Assessment of the effectiveness of their AML/CFT program: Adequacy of policies and procedures, verifying compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and providing recommendations for improvement.

Fitness and propriety

Assessing fitness. Has a candidate sufficient relevant knowledge and displays the required professional behavior to perform the job?

• Education. Background information.
• Work experience. Professional history.
• Competencies

Consider circumstances such as:

• Specific position
• Type of institution
• Composition of the board

Main focus:

• integrity
• veracity
• sense of responsibility
• respect for the law
• openness
• sincerity
• prudence
• incorruptibility
• discretion

Assessing propriety. One-time procedures.

• Government databases
• Open sources

Involve:

• Financial intelligence unit
• Tax authorities
• National police 
• Law enforcement agencies 

Final decision should be negative, when:

• Keeping doubts unresolved.
• Indeterminacy of the propriety of the person.

Licensing process

During the licensing process, financial sector supervisors can take the following measures:

• Disclose the identity of the beneficial owners.
• Provide evidence of the source of their funds.
• Gather information on the institution.
• Share information on the institution with law enforcement agencies.
• Review thoroughly founding documents and trust deeds.

Avoid granting license to financial institutions:

• If there are doubts regarding beneficial ownership or source of funds.
• Whose shares are held via nontransparent or complex structures.
• If there is evidence of criminal involvement.
• If there are obstacles to effective supervision.

Assessment in Licensing

1. Who are the beneficial owners, board members, managers and key employees?
2. Where are the funds coming from?
3. How transparent is the group structure?
4. What is the plan to carry out operations to cope with risks?

4 virtudes para gobernar

Martín Ríos Saloma. La España de Carlos I. CEHM. 2016.

Las cuatro virtudes cardinales:

1. Fortaleza
2. Justicia
3. Templanza
4. Prudencia

Risk-based supervision

Risk-based approach to supervision. Supervisory activities focus on areas that pose highest risks.

• Risk assessment of financial institutions and sectors under its supervision
• Type of customers
• Products
• Services
• Transactions
• Geographic locations
• AML/CFT framework
• Reputation of the institution
• Size
• Complexity
• Resources 
• Develop a tailored supervisory plan considering:
• Risks posed by the financial institutions and sectors.
• Frequency and scope of supervisory activities
• Tools and techniques to use
• Customer due diligence
• Transaction monitoring
• Suspicious activity reporting
• Collaboration with other authorities:
• Prudential supervisors 
• AML/CFT supervisors in other jurisdictions
• Law enforcement agencies
• Financial intelligence units

Simple rules to keep yourself in loneliness and isolation

Grim Prayers. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2026.

1. Move your body. I tell that to all my young associates, and it is the simplest rule to follow. Your body is made for action, so give it some.
2. Use your mind. Now that your body is active, and your mind is calm, focus it, and think. Contemplate on your mission, droog, on what you will do after you get out. Play chess in your head or pretend to write stories and letters.
3. Know yourself. Sometimes to know who you are, you must know who you are not, and by defining your enemies, you come to understand your values.
4. Rein in your emotions. Look at the feelings, observe them, learn from them. When you master your emotions, you won’t be afraid of solitude ever again. Breathwork can be helpful.
5. Keep faith. It is a well-established phenomenon that people with faith often survive, heal faster, and overcome more than those who believe in nothing. Believe in something. Find a meaning and hold on to it.
6. Think about your death. Consider your own mortality, and make it fuel your willpower.

Accessing records

Scope of powers.

• Clear limits. Prevent misunderstandings or misuse of powers. 
• Protocols. Clear procedures to compel the production of records and have unrestricted and timely access to information. 
• Transparency and consistency with the law. 
• Capacitation. Institutions should understand their obligations and responsibilities.

Data and privacy protection. 

• Data protection. Information collected is used only for the purpose of fulfilling their supervisory responsibilities. 
• Confidentiality. Protect integrity and trust. 

Provision of records. 

• Notice. Time to gather and submit records and information. 
• Clarity. Specify types of records and information. 
• Clearance. Access to suspicious transaction reports is essential. Confidentiality requirements to access suspicious transaction reports, should not apply to supervisory authorities.

Murph Challenge

Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy originally called this workout "Body Armor". He gave it this name because he performed the routine while wearing his 20-pound military-issued body armor or a weighted vest to better simulate the conditions he faced as a Navy SEAL. 

After his death in Afghanistan in 2005, CrossFit officially renamed the workout "Murph" in his honor when it was first posted as a Hero WOD (Workout of the Day) on August 18, 2005. 

The workout consists of:

• 1-mile run
• 100 pull-ups
• 200 push-ups
• 300 air squats
• 1-mile run

All performed while wearing a 20-pound vest or body armor.

AML/CFT supervisory responsibilities

1. Developing and implementing effective supervisory frameworks for AML/CFT.
2. Conducting risk assessments of financial institutions and the financial sector to determine their ML/TF/PF risk profiles.
3. Monitoring and supervising financial institutions management and compliance with AML/CTF.
4. Providing guidance to financial institutions to effectively manage ML/TF/PF risks.
5. Coordinating with other national and international authorities to combat ML/TF/PF.
6. Taking appropriate enforcement actions against financial institutions that fail to comply with AML/CFT laws and regulations.

Recommendation 27

FATF. Recommendation 27.

Supervisors should have power to:

• Monitor financial institutions under the AML/CFT requirements.
• Ensure compliance by financial institutions with the AML/CFT requirements.
• Conduct inspections of financial institutions.
• Compel production of any information from financial institutions that is relevant to monitoring compliance.
• Impose disciplinary and financial sanctions for failure to comply with the AML/CFT requirements.

Pagano, infiel o hereje

Martín Ríos Saloma. La España de Carlos I. CEHM. 2016.

1. Pagano. Aquel que no conoce el nombre de Cristo.
2. Infiel. Aquel que conociendo el nombre de Cristo, no quiere creer.
3. Hereje. Aquel cristiano bautizado que no sigue la liturgia, doctrina o disciplina de Roma.

Recommendation 26

FATF. Recommendation 26.

The specific process of supervising institutions:

• Financial institutions are licensed and registered.
• Financial institutions are subject to adequate regulation.
• Competent authorities apply fit and proper measures.
• Financial institutions are subject to risk-based supervision for AML/CFT purposes.

How you grow

Grim Prayers. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2026.

1. Breaking is part of becoming. Boys do not become men without something dying. An old identity must crack before a stronger one forms. If you fight the break, you stay small.
2. Pain calls for meaning. I saw this in prison and in freedom. Pain plus meaning equals depth. Pain minus meaning is bitterness. If you ask, “Why did this happen to me?” you shrink. If you ask, “What is this teaching me?” you grow.
3. Accept new identities without losing yourself. Own your transformation. Boys become men through rites of passage. Those who say, “I am who I am, I won’t change,” will not grow. I went from a soldier to a vor, from a vor to an entrepreneur, and from a prisoner to a free man. Identity is not a prison unless you refuse to outgrow it.
4. Pride stunt your growth. Men who were strong, who grew, were not alone. They spoke about pain without drowning in it, and they allowed support. The ones who said, “I need no one,” who saw vulnerability only as weakness, who refused a helping hand—they broke even more, year by year. They either turned inward, becoming subdued and depressed, or lashed out, hurting anyone who crossed their path. Pride lies, telling you that you are stronger than you really are. Growth begins when pride cracks.
5. Do not hide your scars, especially from yourself. Kintsugi does not conceal the fracture. It highlights it. Your scars are not shame. They are proof of survival and a rebirth. Face your shadows. Inside you there is anger, fear, envy, weakness. If you pretend it is not there, it controls you. Look at it. Name it. Discipline it. After all that I lived through, I realized that I did not chose what happened to me. But I choose who I would become.

International Organization of Securities Commissions

The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) is the global standard setter for the securities sector. Currently, it has more than 230 members. IOSCO’s Objectives set out 38 Principles of securities regulation:

• Protect investors
• Ensure market fairness, transparency and efficiency
• Reduce systemic risk

How to deal with loss

Grim Prayers. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2026.

1. Keep tight in public. Easier said than done but keep your grief private. Don't fall apart in public. If you collapse in front of people, you invite predators, and you also weaken the ones who depend on you. Be their pillar to lean on.
2. Accept that the world moves on. The sun will rise tomorrow whether you are ready or not. Life continues, problems multiply, and your enemies move. So, you move too, even if your chest feels like it’s full of stones.
3. Don’t romanticize the dead. They weren’t saints. None of us are. Honor who they really were, the good and the ugly, because truth is the only respect that lasts.
4. Use the past as fuel, but don’t live in the past. Remembrance is useful, it can push you forward. But if you crawl inside it and live there, then instead of honoring the dead you’re hiding from life. Make memories into a tool to inspire you, not into a home to hide in.
5. Carry on. Finish the mission you had together. That is loyalty: family, work, a promise, even a simple way of living. When you complete what the two of you began, grief turns into duty, and you find peace in your soul.
6. Keep moving. If you fell, rise and continue walking. One step at a time. Move forward, every fucking day.

International Association of Insurance Supervisors

The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) is the international standard setter for the supervision of the insurance sector. It comprises insurance supervisors and regulators from more than 200 jurisdictions. The IAIS Insurance Core Principles (ICP) seek to encourage high standards in member jurisdictions:

1. Supervisory principles. Licensing and supervisory process, and the prudential requirements for insurers.
2. Market principles. Market structure, market conduct, and consumer protection.
3. Infrastructure principles. Accounting, actuarial practice, risk management, and supervision of group-wide activities.

From an AML/CFT perspective, ICP 22 is the most important, it requires the supervisor to take effective measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, and also requires insurers to have appropriate risk-based policies and procedures in place to prevent, detect, and report.

Recomendaciones de Reverte

Arturo Pérez Reverte en Wild Project. 2025.

• Alatriste. 2006.
• Fauda. 2015.
• As bestas. 2022.
• La suerte. 2025.

29 Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is the global standard setter for the regulation of banks. It has 45 members from 28 jurisdictions, consisting of central banks and authorities with formal responsibility for the supervision of banking business. 

The BCBS has issued the 29 Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision which are a set of high-level supervisory standards that guide the supervision of banks and banking systems:

• Principles 01 to 13 focus on the powers, responsibilities and functions of supervisors;
• Principles 14 to 29 focus on prudential regulations and requirements for banks.

These 29 principles also have:

• Essential criteria: minimum baseline requirements for sound supervisory practices.
• Additional criteria: suggested best practices that countries should aim for.

From an AML/CFT perspective, principle 29 is the most important:

• Abuse of financial services. The supervigor determines that banks have adequate policies and processes, including strict customer due diligence (CDD) rules to promote high ethical and professional standards in the financial sector and prevent the bank from being used, intentionally or unintentionally, for criminal activities.

5 funciones inherentes al estado

Martín Ríos Saloma. La España de Carlos I. CEHM. 2016.

1. Gobierno (Normativa y legislativa).
2. Justicia (Judicial).
3. Fiscalidad (Control).
4. Defensa (Seguridad y orden público).
5. Administración (Gestión pública).

AML/CFT teams

AML/CFT teams should possess a range of expertise to effectively carry out their supervisory responsibilities:

1. Legal Expertise. AML/CFT supervisors should have a solid understanding of the legal and regulatory frameworks related to AML/CFT, including domestic laws and regulations, international standards, and best practices.
2. AML/CFT Knowledge. AML/CFT supervisors should have knowledge and insight in areas such as ML/TF/PF risks and typologies, risk assessment methodologies, and the design and effectiveness of AML/CFT controls.
3. Financial Sector Knowledge. AML/CFT supervisors should have a good understanding of the financial sectors they are supervising, including the types of financial products and services offered, the customers served, and the risks associated with different business models.
4. Communication Skills. AML/CFT supervisors should be able to communicate effectively with regulated institutions, other regulatory and law enforcement agencies, and other stakeholders. This includes the ability to convey complex information clearly and concisely, and to engage in constructive dialogue with supervised institutions to promote compliance with AML/CFT requirements.
5. IT Skills. AML/CFT supervisors should have a good understanding of IT systems and tools used by regulated institutions to manage risks, and should be able to use these tools effectively in their supervisory work.

AML/CFT/PF

AML (Anti-Money Laundering)

Detects and prevents efforts to make illegally obtained funds appear legitimate.

CFT (Combating the Financing of Terrorism)

Targets the funding of terrorist acts and organizations.

PF (Proliferation Financing)

Aims to prevent the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

4 lecciones empresariales de Manuel Arango

1. Aprender del fracaso. Cuando lanzaron Bodega Aurrera, los hermanos no estaban convencidos de la idea, pero tomaron el riesgo, se enfocaron en la innovación y la idea revolucionó el retail: “No se puede emprender nada con la seguridad o la certeza de que va a tener éxito”. En este sentido, comenzar un proyecto es un reto, en el que no se sabe con certeza que va a pasar, pero al final deja un aprendizaje. Manuel Arango explica que al escalar profesionalmente, en ocasiones no nos damos cuenta cuando se llega a la cumbre, pero al volver atrás, vemos el camino lleno de conocimientos, fracasos y logros.
2. No dejar de innovar. La innovación se maneja en diferentes grados, debido a que por un lado, se puede tomar algo que ya existe y darle un nuevo enfoque o por el otro lado, partir desde cero y crear algo nuevo: “Innovar es parte de mi ser. Si se me ocurre hacer un libro, pero aunque hay muchos, voy a buscar algo en la esencia de ese libro que sea diferente”. Sigan sus pasiones, busquen un buen enfoque y comiencen a trabajarlo.
3. Participar en organizaciones sin fines de lucro. El empresario también se destaca por su gusto por la filantropía, en la que menciona que ha conocido a empresarios, el cual le permitió conocer la diversidad que hay en el mundo como sectores a los que no había incursionado. Al ampliar sus conocimientos, el empresario amplía sus conocimientos: "La imagen de una persona es complementar su trabajo con el de la gente que se esfuerza intensamente, que son creativos pero sin fines de lucro”.
4. Elegir un buen socio. A pesar del triunfo de los tres hermanos al fundar Bodega Aurrera, tomaron caminos diferentes en una edad temprana, por lo que buscar socios es un reto, mismo en el que influyen los valores. De manera que, antes de asociarse con alguien, es importante saber si hay una similitud con esa persona, es decir, si comparten valores: “Yo no me podría asociar con alguien que toca a la puerta y me ofrece algo, lo pensaría. porque me gustaría asociarme con personas con las que pueda convivir, ser parte más allá del negocio, que pueda ir a comer a su casa, con gente con la que te identificas”.

El mundo de Carlos V. De la España Medieval al Siglo de Oro

Lugar: Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso.

Periodo México, 3 de noviembre 2000 - 25 de febrero 2001.

Personalidades: Inaugurada por la Reina Sofía y Ernesto Zedillo.

Acervo: Más de 200 piezas.

Curador: Isidro Bango.

Valor del seguro: 90 MD.

Módulos:

1. El rey nuestro señor.
2. El ambiente regio.
3. Nobles y señores.
4. Fiesta y espectáculo.
5. Fe y devoción.
6. Una imagen para la eternidad.
7. Paradigmas del arte español.
8. Literatura, música y ciencia.
9. La imagen de América.

Piezas destacadas:

• Una primera impresión del Lazarillo de Tormes.
• Uno de los dos ejemplares que quedan del Catecismo para los indios, de fray Pedro de Gante.
• Edición de El Quijote, de 1605.
• Tapiz de Willen de Pannemaker.
• Primer retrato de Carlos V, por el maestro de la Magdalena, 1515-1517.
• Santa Teresa de Jesús, Quevedo y Góngora, de Diego Velázquez.
• Busto del cardenal Cisneros, en alabastro, de Felipe Bigarny.

Alas en el EdoMex

Desde 2013 fueron ubicados en la Plaza Estado de México, de Cuautitlán Izcalli, 13 vehículos militares provenienes de la base de Santa Lucía. 

• Un Lockckheed T-33 shooting star, con una longitud de 11.2 metros, una envergadura de 11.5 metros y una altura de 3.3 metros.
• Un helicóptero MIL-MI-8T, con capacidad para 22 pasajeros.
• Una avioneta Sterman PT-17 Kaydett, con una longitud de 7.62 metros, 9.80 metros de envergadura y 2.79 metros de altura.
• Dos vehículos DN-VI ocelote ambulancia, con espacio para 13 personas y un peso de más de seis toneladas.
• Dos automóviles M8-Greyhound para cuatro tripulantes cada uno.
• Tres vehículos blindados Chrysler MAC-1, cada uno con capacidad para siete personas.
• Tres transportes Mowag Roland, con longitud de 4.44 metros, capacidad para seis tripulantes y un peso superior a cuatro toneladas.

25 Westerns

1. The Searchers (John Ford, 1956) **** 
2. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Sergio Leone, 1966) *** 
3. Once Upon a Time in the West (Sergio Leone, 1968) *** 
4. Unforgiven (Clint Eastwood, 1992) *** 
5. Stagecoach (John Ford, 1939) *** 
6. High Noon (Fred Zinnemann,1952) *** 
7. Red River (Howard Hawks, 1948) **
8. The Wild Bunch (Sam Peckinpah, 1969) **
9. Johnny Guitar (1954) **
10. Winchester '73 (1950) **
11. The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance' (1962) *
12. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid' (1969) *
13. Rio Bravo' (1959) *
14. My Darling Clementine (1946) *
15. Meek’s Cutoff (2010) *
16. The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) *
17. McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971) *
18. Shane (George Stevens, 1953) *

Special mentions:

1. True Grit (1969 and 2010)
2. The Magnificent Seven (John Sturges, 1960)
3. Django Unchained (2012)
4. Vera Cruz (1954)
5. Dead Man (1995)
6. Decision at Sundown (1957)
7. The Naked Spur (1953) 

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Derecho

Derecho. Raquel Gutiérrez Aragón. 1981. Porrúa. 84 pp.

 

Resumen + Notas

Definiciones.

El derecho es el conjunto de normas jurídicas vigentes que en determinado tiempo y lugar el estado exige como obligatorias para regular los actos, conductas y fenómenos sociales de los miembros de un conglomerado de personas físicas y/o morales.

Fenómenos que impactan en la legislación:

1. Sociológicos
2. Políticos
3. Económicos
4. Antropológicos
5. Históricos

La norma jurídica es la regla de conducta obligatoria que tiene las características de:

• Exterioridad. La conducta externa del individuo, aunque también puede indagar en factores internos como las motivaciones.
• Coercitividad. Empleo de la fuerza para su obligatoriedad.
• Heteronomía. Opuesto a la autonomía. El individuo no puede escoger o descartar algunas normas.
• Bilateralidad. Al mismo tiempo que otorga derechos o facultades, también impone obligaciones.

El estado es la sociedad organizada jurídicamente bajo un gobierno existente en un territorio:

1. Población. La sociedad organizada.
2. Territorio. Espacio físico que ocupa la sociedad.
3. Gobierno. Los órganos que se encargan de dictar las leyes, administrarlas y hacerlas cumplir y de resolver los conflictos e imponer sanciones.

Influencia.

Las normas jurídicas regulan y controlan la vida diaria desde antes de nacer, con el nacimiento, durante nuestra vida y después de la muerte. El nacimiento de una persona determina el inicio de su personalidad jurídica. Se reputa como nacimiento el momento en que el feto, desprendido enteramente del seno materno, vive veinticuatro horas o es presentado vivo al Registro Civil.

Hecho jurídico es el acontecimiento que produce consecuencias jurídicas, independientemente de la voluntad del individuo (nacimiento, muerte). Acto jurídico es la acción en que la voluntad del ser humano es producir consecuencias jurídicas. El contrato es el acto jurídico entre do o más personas para crear, transferir o extinguir derechos y obligaciones. 

Ramas.

Derecho Interno. Conjunto de normas jurídicas que rigen dentro de los límites territoriales de un estado.

Derecho público.

Derecho privado.

Derecho social.

Derecho Internacional. Conjunto de normas jurídicas que regulan las relaciones entre los miembros de la comunidad internacional.

Hechos Jurídicos.

Garantías Individuales.

Derechos Sociales.

Interés General e Interés Particular.

Matrimonio.

Vientos del pueblo

1. La muerte tiene permiso. 16
2. Ausencia. 24
3. Bolívar. 24
4. Chaco. 24
5. Chaplin. 24
6. El vaso de leche. 24
7. La trampa. 24
8. Lázaro Cárdenas y la soberanía. 24
9. Los dones de los 3 reyes. 24
10. Sfumato más azul. 24
11. Sobrevivir los domingos. 24
12. Subasta. 24
13. Y si nos escapamos. 24
14. Chile juventud rebelde. 32
15. Con tinta sangre. 32
16. De como Guadalupe bajó. 32
17. Dochera. 32
18. El almohadón de plumas. 32
19. El asesinato de Zapata. 32
20. El crítico. 32
21. El intérprete griego. 32
22. El reyo Macoy. 32
23. Gaytán vive. 32
24. Gustavo Madero. 32
25. Hibakusha. 32
26. La balanza de los Balek. 32
27. La noche del 15. 32
28. La primavera magisterial. 32
29. La sunamita. 32
30. Leona Vicario. 32
31. Los 33 negros. 32
32. Loxicha. 32
33. Nueve noches con Violeta del Río. 32
34. Rikki Tikki Tavi. 32
35. Yo soy Fontanarrosa. 32
36. Yorch y el dragón. 32
37. Camilo. 36
38. Contra el apagón. 40
39. Espera de un día. 40
40. La cancha. 40
41. La casa del juez. 40
42. Madre santa. 40
43. Misa fronteriza. 40
44. Mowgli. 40
45. Pancho Villa Paisaje. 40
46. Pregúntale al mar. 40
47. Te van a agarrar. 40
48. Albert. 48
49. Ciudad quebrada. 48
50. Detrás de Billy Sunday. 48
51. El barcarola. 48
52. El carrerismo. 48
53. El complot contra los Escipiones. 48
54. Encender una hoguera. 48
55. La gente de arriba. 48
56. La madre del metro. 48
57. Las nuevas herramientas de la astronomía. 48
58. Los mártires de Tacubaya. 48
59. Los mineros de Cerros de Pasco. 48
60. Mangos. 48
61. Primo Tapia. 48
62. Ruido gris. 48
63. Sentimientos de la Nación. 48
64. Vidas criminales. 48
65. A la luz del relámpago. 56
66. Antología poética. 64
67. Bola de sebo. 64
68. El llamado de Cthulhu. 64
69. El zar de la basura. 64
70. El zoológico. 64
71. Fusilados. 64
72. La confesión de Leontina. 64
73. La cruzada de los niños. 64
74. La formación. 64
75. La huelga de Santa Rosita. 64
76. La tuerta. 64
77. Los crímenes de la calle Morgue. 64
78. Los negros. 64
79. Los yanquis en México. 64
80. Magón. 64
81. Seis cadetes entre muchos héroes. 64
82. Víctimas de la opulencia. 64
83. Antología de poemas. 68
84. Gotita. 80
85. Sonya la roja. 80

Imre Dobos, maestro de esgrima

Me encanta La princesa prometida, pero lo mejor es El prisionero de Zenda; Tim Roth en Rob Roy, Los duelistas, esgrima más sucia, más de combate real; El desafío. El Zorro impresiona a la gente que no sabe.

Referencias: 

1. The Princess Bride. 1987.
2. The Prisoner of Zenda. 1922. 1937. 1952. 1979.
3. Rob Roy. 1995.
4. The Duellists. 1977.
5. By the sword. 1991.

El enjambre de Lilavati

La quinta parte de un enjambre de abejas se posó en la flor de Kadamba, la tercera en una flor de Silinda, el triple de la diferencia entre estos dos números voló sobre una flor de Krutaja, y una abeja quedó sola en el aire, atraída por el perfume de un jazmín y de un pandnus. Dime, bella niña, cuál es el número de abejas que formaban el enjambre.

x/5 + x/3 + 3(x/3-x/5) + 1 = x
14x/15 + 1 = x
x/15 = 1
x =  15

La leyenda de Lilavati

Se cuenta que el famoso geómetra Bhaskhara, el Sabio, tuvo una hija llamada Lilavati. Al nacer, el astrólogo consultó las estrellas y por la disposición de los astros, comprobó que estaba condenada a permanecer soltera toda la vida y que quedaría olvidada por el amor de los jóvenes patricios. No se conformó Bhaskhara con esa determinación del Destino y recurrió a las enseñanzas de los astrólogos más famosos de su tiempo. ¿Cómo hacer para que la graciosa Lilavati pudiera lograr marido y ser feliz en su matrimonio? 

Un astrólogo consultado por Bhaskhara le aconsejó que llevara a su hija a la provincia de Dravira, junto al mar. Había en Dravira un templo excavado en la piedra donde se veneraba una imagen de Buda que llevaba en la mano una estrella. Solo en Dravira, aseguró el astrólogo, podría Lilavati encontrar novio, pero el matrimonio solo sería feliz si la ceremonia del enlace quedaba marcada en cierto día en el cilindro del tiempo. 

Lilavati fue al fin, con agradable sorpresa, pedida en matrimonio por un joven rico, trabajador, honesto y de buena casta. Fijado el día y marcada la hora, se reunieron los amigos para asistir a la ceremonia. 

Los hindúes medían, calculaban y determinaban las horas del día con auxilio de un cilindro colocado en un vaso lleno de agua. Dicho cilindro, abierto solo en su parte más alta, presentaba un pequeño orificio de la base, invadía lentamente el cilindro, éste se hundía en el vaso hasta que llegaba a desaparecer por completo, a una hora previamente determinada. 

Colocó Bhaskhara el cilindro de las horas en posición adecuada con el mayor cuidado y esperó hasta que el agua llegara al nivel marcado. La novia, llevada por su incontenible curiosidad, verdaderamente femenina, quiso observar la subida del agua en el cilindro y se acercó para comprobar la determinación del tiempo. Una de las perlas de su vestido se desprendió y cayó en el interior del vaso. Por una fatalidad, la perla, llevada por el agua, obstruyó el pequeño orificio del cilindro impidiendo que entrara en él el agua del vaso. El novio y los invitados esperaban con paciencia, pero pasó la hora propicia sin que el cilindro la indicara como había previsto el sabio astrólogo. El novio y los invitados se retiraron para que, después de consultados los astros, se fijara otro día para la ceremonia. El joven brahmán que había pedido a Lilavati en matrimonio desapareció semanas después y la hija de Bhaskhara quedó soltera para siempre.

El sabio geómetra reconoció que es inútil luchar contra el Destino, y dijo a su hija:

Escribiré un libro que perpetuará tu nombre y perdurarás en el recuerdo de los hombres durante un tiempo mucho más largo del que vivirían los hijos que pudieron haber nacido de tu malograda unión.

La obra de Bhaskhara se hizo célebre y el nombre de Lilavati, la novia malograda, sigue inmortal en la historia de las Matemáticas.

Grim Begins

Grim Begins. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2025.

Life is grim. The first lesson I got from the Grim Death: In a blink of an eye, I lost the only person I cared about.

Being where I am now, I have no regrets. I made my choices, and I paid for them. Some of the consequences I still carry, but I do not complain, and I accept the burden.

It was not my accomplishments that satisfy me. In the darkest days I learned the brightest lesson. When Death greets you, all you have is who you have become. It was the man I came to be that made me proud and filled me with the sense of confidence that you end up with after a hard battle.

I began to understand that with money and good connections, anything was possible.

As much as technology makes our lives easier, it also makes us more dependent on it. How many men nowadays could find their way through a maze of country roads without their phone and a map app? Back then, we had to depend on printed paper and road signs to know we were heading in the right direction. Sometimes we would even have to stop and ask one of the locals for guidance, as some routes were closed due to roadworks, diverting us through small villages and towns. And sometimes we used the most powerful tool of any good man, his instinct, which you can’t develop without experience.

It is good, you can stand your ground. In this business you need that to keep yourself from being eaten alive.

Never look down at the lowlifes. We are all lowlifes in some way or the other, but God never looks down on anyone. 

There was no point showing off that I did well among those who were struggling.

It is in times when we succeed, when things seem to be working in our favor, and our egos expand like a pufferfish, that we are most easily blind-sided and in danger of the greatest fall. (Whom the gods would destroy, they first make blind). 

Never lose your calm. Those who are loudest are those who are weakest. Those who are silent are the ones who are dangerous.

Always keep your word. If you break it, it will break you. No matter if you are dealing with solid people or criminals. The dealings are the same.

Be honorable. Your honor, your reputation is everything you have. Criminals are well connected. If you ruin your reputation, you don’t just ruin your business, you ruin your life.

An honor once tarnished is not easily restored, and trust broken might never be mended.

Success is never built overnight, it’s an iceberg. You only see the very tip, but never the fundament.

What is owned by everyone, is owned by no one.

It is in our hands to either allow tyranny, or to stand in its way.

When times are hard, when tyranny is pressing down on us. The choice is always there, it is just a matter of how determined we are, how much we are willing to sacrifice, how much we value ourselves.

Public education often stifles rather than nurtures our true potential, and the labor market, combined with an oppressive taxation system, ensures that even in an age of incredible production efficiency, most people are barely getting by.

There wasn’t much difference between zeki and the guards when it came to violence, criminality and morals. We were all beasts locked in a cage; they just held the weapons and had some power over us.

There were fates worse than death that could be dealt out by these harsh men, as I would learn in time.

—Pecunia non olet, as they said in Ancient Rome, money does not stink. —Zhadnost' vsyakomu goryu nachalo, Greed is the root of all sorrow, as they say in Russia.

Knowledge is good, but it is the experience that really puts us ahead in life.

The importance of communication and how much power a man can wield if he has the ability to convey his thoughts effectively.

Human beings are multidimensional creatures, with sometimes conflicting characteristics.

I am wiser now, unaffected by either success or failure, as both are fleeting and vain.

It can be a cycle for many of us, until we learn how to break it, how to be unaffected by either success or failure, and just keep moving forward, towards our goals.

It was part of my ego that had led me astray a few times in my life. It took quite a bit of suffering before I was able to turn it into dust. But at that time, I was still full of it.

Enemies. 

No point arguing with fanatics, religious or otherwise, won’t listen, and the only thing you can get out of them is their rage.

Information is key, and when you know your opponents’ actions, you can adjust your own strategy accordingly.

Know your enemy in and out, droog.

In prison, you never let your guard down. A bad mistake. (Always alert of your surroundings. The Art of Manliness).

Manual del tesorero

Los deberes y responsabilidades del tesorero serán, entre otros:

1. Realizar los cobros de los miembros y expedir los recibos correspondientes.
2. Tomar nota de las instrucciones del VM para atender los gastos que éste indique.
3. Llevar el control de ingresos y egresos del taller.
4. Opinar sobre la mejor forma de utilizar el dinero que posea el tesoro del taller.
5. Presentar informes periódicos, o cuando le sean requeridos, ante el VM y la maestría.
6. Asegurarse que cada gasto sea autorizado por el VM.
7. Llevar el archivo de la tesorería.
8. Realizar los trámites de pago ante la GL.
9. Recordar que los pagos ante la GL son prioritarios.
10. Actualizar la lista de miembros a plomo ante la GL.
11. Proponer, en su caso, las bajas de membresía que así lo ameriten.
12. Coordinar, junto con el Secretario, la solicitud de la credencial expedida por la GL a los miembros a plomo.
13. Asentar en actas, en conjunto con el Secretario, la dispensa parcial o total de los montos adeudados por algún miembro.

Rules for life from a russian mob chief

Grim Prayers. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2025.

1. Keep calm and follow your gut.
2. You never forget: I’m OK, you’re OK.
3. Don’t speak it. Do it. 
4. Have a good team. No assholes. People with soul.
5. Work hard. But one day a week, do not work.
6. Only one thing at a time. Concentrate.
7. Do not make money number one. You will not be a success; you will be a stinking whore.
8. Keep the word you speak. What you say will be done. Every fucking day.

La Llorona

El tiempo es murmullo fino
que se escucha en soledad,
la vida solo es camino
y la muerte es vanidad
del caprichoso destino

How to survive in jail

Grim Prayers. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2025.

1. Be strong but never confrontative. Walk tall and keep your head up. Don’t avoid someone’s eye like a coward. Don’t look away too quickly but also don’t stare like you’re looking for a fight. There is a balance between strength and arrogance. The former is respected, but the latter punished without mercy.
2. Be silent. Talk less, listen more. When you listen, you learn. When you talk, you attract attention."
3. Always treat people with respect, especially yourself. Never give up on yourself. If you are bullied, fight the bully, even if you lose. It is better to have a bloody nose, than to become a downcast. There are fates worse than death,"
4. Be of service. No matter who you are and what you know, you can be useful, even if you think you have nothing to offer. Smuggle love letters, trade cigarettes, adjust broken noses, and listen to those who are sharing their pain. An open heart in a tough man is the strongest weapon you can get in jail.

¿Qué buscas, lobo?

¿Qué buscas, lobo?.  Eva Viežnaviec. 2026.

Orka, el hombre debe ser flexible como el junco en la desgracia, pero firme como un cedro en la fe.

No te metas donde no te llaman, no te pongas al servicio de nadie, no te fíes de nadie.

How to play poker

Grim Begins. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2025.

1. If you want to win, never get intoxicated. Clear mind, clear game. 
2. Spend time understanding other players' betting patterns and their body language. Study their micro-expressions, especially around their eyes and mouth. These parts of the body are the true mirror of the soul. 
3. People change under the influence of winning money. Some become cocky, some become nervous, and very few are unaffected by the spell of easy profit. Use that to your advantage, especially against those who are both intoxicated and flying high on a winning streak.
4. Pretend to be strong when you’re weak and show weakness when you have a powerful hand. Adjust and change your patterns to be unpredictable. 
5. Most important: manage your bankroll. For each game set a strict limit for how much you’re willing to bet and play with. Don’t exceed it, no matter the outcome. The pain of not winning big is much smaller than the pain of losing big, trust me.

El futuro está aquí... casi

Apertura

¿Tú viajarías a tu destino turístico favorito en tu Cybertruck 100% electrica y ecológica? En este puente que pasó, una amiga me comentaba que no viaja fuera de la ciudad en su vehículo eléctrico por las distancias entre centros de carga y la posibilidad de quedar varada en la carretera. Esto a 10 años de que se vendiera el primer vehículo 100% impulsado por electricidad de Tesla..

Tesis

Y es que, fuera de los centros urbanos, cuestiones como la carga de energía o el mantenimiento rutinario tienen complicaciones. Las innovaciones siempre traen problemas aparejados. Y el cambio tan radical que suponen los autos eléctricos no está libre de sobresaltos para los usuarios. Al día de hoy, contrario a lo preconizado por los entusiastas, no se dio esa explosión de estaciones en el país. En la república sólo hay 35 superchargers de Tesla, comparados con los 30 mil que hay en EEUU.

Argumento de autoridad 

Como Richard Cook nos dice en su ya clásico ensayo 'Cómo fallan los sistemas complejos', escrito ya hace 25 años, el cambio siempre introduce nuevas formas de falla.

Ejemplo 

A finales de los 90s, un amigo decidió ir de la Cd. de Chihuahua a pasar las fiestas decembrinas a San Juanito en las montañas, el pueblo más frío de México, le llamó un escritor, cerca de Creel, por donde pasa el tren Chepe, en su Cheyenne del año, recién salida de la agencia. En la parte más alta de la sierra, le falló el vehículo. Lo revisó, intentó echarlo a andar y sólo logró descargarle la batería. El celular no tenía cobertura en esa área y le cayó la noche encima. Después de mucho pedir, alguien finalmente le dió aventón y lo llevó a casa de su abuela. Con algunos parientes, regresó por el vehículo, uno de ellos abrió el cofre y cuenta mi amigo: 'nada más nos veíamos unos a otros. No le movimos mucho por cuestiones de la garantía de la agencia, no le pasamos corriente por miedo a dañar la computadora y a un sistema Fuel Injection ni cómo meterle mano, así que la remolcamos, por eso conservo mi Ford '84, esa hasta con unas agujetas la echo a andar'.

Experiencia personal 

Y coincido con él, en una ocasión, en viaje hacia Xichú, en la Sierra Gorda, se me rompió una banda y uní las poleas con tiras hechas de un costal, y llegué hasta un taller mecánico sin tantos contratiempos. 

Refutaciones 

Por eso no soy tan villamelón con las innovaciones. No importa si las propone Elon Musk o Sam Altman. Prefiero aquellos sistemas que han pasado la prueba del tiempo, que han demostrado su eficacia y su resiliencia, de los cuales conocemos su funcionamiento, sus componentes y los problemas que presenta. Por ejemplo, sabemos que los combustibles fósiles son contaminantes, pero pocos saben que si arrojan una pequeña pila de reloj en un garrafón de agua, tan solo 12 horas después, beber de ahí les causará daño cerebral irreversible. ¿A dónde irán a parar las 10 mil celdas de una batería de la Cybertruck de Tesla?

Cierre y llamado a la acción 

Seamos más críticos, la energía eléctrica no es una panacea frente al combustible fósil, así como la IA no es sustituto perfecto de los trabajos de cuello blanco, como le gusta explicar a Daron Acemoglu, premio Nobel de Economía 2024. Cada solución conlleva nuevos retos y nuevos problemas. Así como en Toastmasters ejercitamos la oratoria, allá afuera ejercitemos el discernimiento, pasemos todo por el tamiz de nuestro criterio, sobre todo frente a la publicidad, pero también ante los gurús autoproclamados. Antes de avalanzarnos o propalar las bondades del nuevo gadget, esperemos, observemos... y si de verdad el ansia por el nuevo iPhone es mucha, recomiendo mejor tomar ese dinero y gastarlo comprando seis acciones de Apple, es posible que en un par de años te den un mejor retorno de tu inversión que el dispositivo físico. 

Es cuanto Toastmaster, te regreso el uso de la voz.

How to deal with bullies

Grim Begins. Wiktor Miesok, Felix Charin. 2025.

1. Everything starts with your eyes. Never stare, but also never look sheepishly to the ground. Power is balance. Your eyes are not just the gates to your soul, they are also a weapon and they are an indicator of how strong you are.
2. Your body language will determine if you will receive respect. Walk tall, eyes straight, chest to the front, and imagine an invisible thread attached to the crown of your head, always pulling you up, making your chin go down. Only arrogant people have their chin up and will get punched and knocked out the quickest in life.
3. After mastering body language, you master mindset. Always start out with: I’m OK, You’re OK. Start out cooperative with everyone. Set clear boundaries. Bullies like to test limits. If someone treats you like shit, strike back, swiftly - as a warning - and then offer cooperation again. This is the highest level of game theory that will bring you far in life, no matter if you are in kindergarten, in prison, or in a boardroom.
4. Never react emotionally. Bullies thrive on provoking anger or fear. Keep calm, use logic and humor, and don't give the bullies the emotional reaction they seek. Your calm is your shield, and your wit is your sword.
5. Form alliances. Everything starts with paying it forward, a favor will grow you a  connection, a connection will become an alliance, an alliance can even become a friendship. Bullies have a tough time when you are well-connected and useful. Trust me. The best thing to stop a bully is another bully. Always maintain ties with the rivals of those you are dealing with - if one side tries to squeeze you, you are protected by their rivals. Your enemy's enemy can be made your friend.
6. Keep your skills sharp. Whatever is needed in your area, practice everyday. Verbal wit, strategic thinking, or self-defense, everyday sharpen your sword. Bullies avoid people who have competence, but are humble about it.
7. Your sharpest sword is silence, also against bullies. When dealing with a bully, silence combined with strong eye contact will create a powerful shield, if your body language is tall and strong. Silence is your master, your protector and your charisma.
8. Be honorable.

Manuel Arango, productor

2023. Desde dentro.
2004. Clipperton: Isla de la pasión.
1982. The Other Conquest.
1992. The Great Eclipse.
1975. Pacific Challenge.
1974. Sky High.
1971. Sentinels of Silence. Primer Óscar para un mexicano.